Management Activity Pre-sowing Common cultural practices: Crop rotation with non host crops Timely sowing should be done Field sanitation, rogueing Destroy the alternate host plants Apply manures and fertilizers as per soil test recommendations Nutrients Apply manures and fertilizers on soil test basis. Weeds Destroy weeds manually or by deep summer ploughing. Soil borne pathogens Nematodes, Resting stage of insects Cultural control: Deep ploughing of fields during summer to manage juvenile population of nematodes and insect pests. Soil solarization: Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 75 gauge thickness for six weeks before sowing to reduce the soil borne pests. Sowing/seedling Common cultural practices: Do summer ploughing Timely sowing should be done Solarize the field in summer to help reduce the inoculums. Use resistant varieties Select seed from disease free fields Weeds Always use certified and weed free seeds. Timely sowing should be done. Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from its beginning to minimize the crop weed competition. Adopt suitable crop rotation to minimize dodder and orobanche weeds Vegetative stage Avoid excess application of nitrogen Adopt the ecological engineering strategy. Conserve natural enemies Remove and destroy weeds periodically Removal and destruction of infected/infested plants Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies Nutrients Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in standing crop. Foliar application of Thiourea @500ppm solution twice: 1st spray during vegetative growth and 2nd spray at flowering stage. It is effective under all conditions. Weeds Keep field boundary & bunds free from weeds. The crop field should be weed free initially for 4-5 weeks by following timely hoeing and weeding. Inter-culture operation/hoeing should be done twice at 20 and 35 days after sowing-using hand hoe to remove all weeds in between the row. Leafhopper Biological control: Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%. Spray neem oil @ 1% Little bean bug Biological control: Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%. Spray neem oil @ 1% Anthracnose, Bacterial leaf blight,Cercospora leaf spot Cultural control: Early planting i.e. immediately after onset of monsoon. Grow crop on bower system to avoid soil contact. Maintain proper drainage in the field. Powdery mildew Cultural control: Bower system (maintain gapping) of cropping reduces the disease incidence Root rot Cultural control: Plant in well-draining soils. Prepare seed beds to enhance rapid germination Proper irrigation is provided to prevent flooding and saturated soil conditions. Soil amendment with farm yard manure @ 5 tonnes/acre Mosaic complex See the common cultural practices Flowering Pod borer Cultural control: Follow the intercropping systems like horsegram +maize, horsegram+ finger millet Biological control: Conserve and augment common predators and parasitoids Reproductive (pod development) Pod borer Cultural control: Follow the intercropping systems like horsegram +maize, horsegram+ finger millet Biological control: Conserve and augment common predators and parasitoids Nutrients Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest. Weeds Remove left over weeds to prevent weed seed spread in field. Source: NIPHM; Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage