Nitrogen Deficiency symptoms Overall reduction in growth. Leaves become uniformly light-green or yellow. Reddening of petiole Berries may be small Management Soil application of urea @ 20-60 Kg/acre Foliar spray of urea (0.3 – 0.5%) 1- 4 times along the growing season , depending on the deficiency severity. Potassium Deficiency symptoms Starts as yellowing (white varieties) or bronze-reddening (red varieties) of olderleaf margins. As the deficiency worsens, leaf margins become necrotic and curl upwards and inter-vein alchlorosis develops. Berry set can be poor. Management Soil application of 200- 320 Kg K2O/acre for 2-3 years Foliar sprays of sulphate of potash (0.4 -1%), 3-4 times every 15 d before and after flowering. Other commercial fertilizers containing K can be used Magnesium Deficiency symptoms Bright yellow (white varieties) or red (red varieties) wedge-shaped areas extend inwards between the veins on older leaves. When severe, necrosis extends inwards from the leaf margins. Fruit cluster stem necrosis and berry withering Management Soil application of 20-40 Kg MgO/acre Foliar application of Magnesium sulphte (2%if MgO =32% or if MgO = 16%) or magnesium chloride /nitrate (1-1.5%) 3-6 times every week, beginning from fruit set Sprays against stem necrosis by magnesium sulphate (as above). Phosphorus Deficiency symptoms Vines may have stunted shoots and fruitfulness is likely to be poor. Appearance of red dots on basal leaves, especially on the mid or terminal lobes and at first distant from secondary veins. The red dots, at first randomly distributed, later line up at right angles to the secondary veins and form dark red bars, which coalesce into islands between green veins. Management Apply ammonium mono phosphate as an N source (11-52-0). Sulphur Deficiency symptoms Reddening of young leaves. Red dots near the edges of adults leaves. Red dots may coalesce later into red bars at right angles to the vein leaves can drop Reduced growth lignification is impaired Small and loose cluster, due to reduced fruit set Management Soil application of 20-40 Kg/acre P2O5 Boron Deficiency symptoms Shoot tip death and short internodes, resulting in shoots with a zigzag appearance. Yellowing or reddening dots rolling down, corrugation and odd shapes in young leaves Fruit set is often poor and bunches often have „hen and chicken‟ berries Browning of hypodermal cells and breaking of berry Management Soil application of borax(Sodium tetraborate) 12-32 Kg/acre Foliar application of solubor(20.5%B),0.25% 3 times every 15 days ,beginning from 5th -6th leaf development stage. Iron Deficiency symptoms Young leaves show interveinalchlorosis. When severe, leaves are likely to be very pale with necrotic blotches. Shoots are likely to be stunted in their growth. Loose cluster shot berries Management Soil application of Fe-EDTA or foliar application of Ferrous Sulphate (250g/100 litre water) + citric acid (50g) + liquid detergent Manganese Deficiency symptoms Stunted growth Interveinal chlorosis or reddening of adults leaves. mosaic like arrangement of yellow /red spots, bordered by the smallest green veins Delay of berry ripening Management Foliar sprays of manganese sulphate (0.2 -0.5%) , 3 times, one before and two after flowering Foliar sprays of Manganese chelates. Zinc Deficiency symptoms Short internodes, resulting in shoots with a zigzag appearance Shoot tips have small upward curling of leaves. Mottled, light coloured interveinal colouring on leaves. Small, poorly developed bunches with hen and chicken berries. Management Soil application borax (sodium tertaborate) 12-16 Kg/acre Foliar sprays of zinc sulphate (0.5 -1.0%) neutralized with calcium carbonate,3 weeks before flowering IPM for Grapes To know the IPM practices for Grapes, click here. Source: NIPHM and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage